As approximately 5–35% of college students commonly use methylphenidate (MPD) as a cognitive enhancer, non-medical use is an area of concern. Young adults may underestimate the harm involved with non-medical use. This review examines potential benefits, harm, and dispositional factors involved in non-medical use of methylphenidate among young adults.

Sampling problems are frequently encountered when processing data in the industry. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in sampling strategies in distributed settings. In this paper, we propose two new random sampling algorithms for streams of data based on the classical reservoir sampling algorithm. The first algorithm solves the problem of sampling by a fixed proportion from a stream of elements.

Roughly speaking, the strategy is to maintain another array called the “ocean array” besides the reservoir array and then pick elements from it when needed. This algorithm has a more general application in the sense that it can be used whenever we want to increase the size of the reservoir array. The second algorithm deals with the problem of sampling a fixed amount of data with multiple machines. Roughly speaking, we set one master machine and multiple worker machines, and each time the master machines send the batch size as well as the starting index to a machine that then processes the corresponding range of elements. In this case, we have also done experiments using virtual machines on Google Cloud Platform (GCP), demonstrating that our algorithm runs on multiple machines and is indeed much faster than the classical reservoir algorithm run on a single machine.

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Nowadays, adolescents’ mental health issues are becoming more and more severe. In Japan, a survey carried out in 2021 showed that about 10% of 11-12 year-old students and about 20% of 13-15 year-old students were in a state of depression. Globally, it is estimated that 1 in 7 of 10-19 year-olds experience mental health issues. However, because mental health is prone to countless factors, many of those who have mental health issues remain untreated.

Studies report that most mental disorders manifest before age 25, typically during the pre-teen and teenage years. Given that adolescents spend the greatest portion of their lives at school during this period, research should focus on the promotion of adolescents’ mental wellbeing within the school environment.

A study regarding the relations between school climate and adolescents’ mental health showed that the students’ mental state varied among individuals rather than between schools. Other research indicates that students’ perceived connection to social relations, teacher-student relations, and commitment to school are associated with better mental health. Considering these results together, I seek to highlight the importance of building good interpersonal relationships for students’ mental health.

The space flight industry is growing rapidly. In order to increase its efficiency and reduce harmful impact as the industry continues to expand and cause more influence, the present study investigates and compares a set of rocket propellants in order to determine the most and least advantageous ones to use currently and going forward. Chemical properties, production and storage cost, and environmental impact were all considered.

It is hypothesized that the propellants likely to perform best in comparison are those which are currently used the most in terms of launch frequency, i.e. RP-1 (kerosene) and hydrazine. To compare various properties, three novel equations are derived, providing numerical, objectively comparable values for each considered fuel in terms of its economic, environmental, and efficiency potential. Results show ADN based propellants, Al/Ice and liquid methane as the most optimal, with hydrazine, liquid hydrogen, and NTP (nuclear thermal propulsion) being the least optimal, out of the 9 fuels shortlisted and compared.

In conclusion, the initial hypothesis was challenged, leading to the recommendation that further research for potential implementation of specific novel and less-used fuels should be pursued as a priority, to ensure a sustainable future for the space industry and the planet as a whole.

The research question is “To what extent have US government’s policies to reduce algorithmic bias been successful?”. The aim of this study is to utilise both geographical and economical perspectives to understand whether legislation is able to reduce the economic impacts and inequalities caused by algorithmic bias. This World Studies EE belongs to the theme of Equality and Inequality, since it discusses the global
issue of algorithmic bias, which causes unfair treatment to an individual or group, leading to inequality. This research highlights solutions to algorithmic bias, linking directly to the tenth Sustainable Development Goal, which is to Reduce Inequality.

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Self-dehumanization is a consequence of immoral behavior. While it has been under-explored in moral psychology, existing studies by Bastian et al. (“Losing our humanity”)and Kouchaki et al. have reported contradictory findings on self-dehumanization’s implications on morality. This paper aims to consolidate the current literature and present a dual model to explain the psychological processes of this phenomenon. The model hypothesizes that moral self-regulation moderates the effects of self-dehumanization on morality. This makes the success of the regulatory pathway the prime predictor of whether self-dehumanization leads to moral or immoral behavior. The following sections explain the individual processes involved in those moral and immoral pathways. The main arguments are that 1) successful moral self-regulation appeals to our innate desire for self-completion, thus motivating future reparative actions, and 2)unsuccessful moral self-regulation enables disengagement, which leads to future immoral behavior. This can initiate a self-fueling cycle as more failed self-regulation occurs. Together,these hypotheses produce a nuanced, dynamic model that highlights the importance of understanding the role of self-dehumanization in moral psychology.